Weather Warnings for Illinois

Issued by the National Weather Service

Current Watches, Warnings and Advisories for Illinois Issued by the National Weather Service
Alerts Updated: October 13, 2019, 10:16 pm  UTC


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 10:16PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: ...The Flood Warning continues for the following rivers in Wisconsin...Illinois... Rock River At Jefferson affecting Jefferson County Fox River Near New Munster affecting Lake and Kenosha Counties Pecatonica River At Martintown affecting Green County ...The Flood Warning continues for the following rivers in
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 10:16 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 10:15 am
Area:  Winnebago


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 10:16PM CDT until October 15 at 1:00PM CDT by NWS

Summary: ...The Flood Warning continues for the following rivers in Wisconsin...Illinois... Rock River At Jefferson affecting Jefferson County Fox River Near New Munster affecting Lake and Kenosha Counties Pecatonica River At Martintown affecting Green County ...The Flood Warning continues for the following rivers in
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 10:16 pm      Expires:  October 15, 2019, 1:00 pm
Area:  Lake


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:43PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: .Updated information for the Mississippi, Wapsipinicon, Pecatonica, and Rock Rivers. River forecasts include past precipitation and forecast rainfall for the next 48 hours. ...Flood Warning remains in effect until further notice... The Flood Warning continues for The Mississippi River at Gregory Landing.
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:43 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 1:42 pm
Area:  Hancock


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:43PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: .Updated information for the Mississippi, Wapsipinicon, Pecatonica, and Rock Rivers. River forecasts include past precipitation and forecast rainfall for the next 48 hours. ...Flood Warning remains in effect until further notice... The Flood Warning continues for The Mississippi River at Burlington.
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:43 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 1:42 pm
Area:  Hancock; Henderson


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:43PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: .Updated information for the Mississippi, Wapsipinicon, Pecatonica, and Rock Rivers. River forecasts include past precipitation and forecast rainfall for the next 48 hours. ...Flood Warning remains in effect until further notice... The Flood Warning continues for The Mississippi River at Gladstone LD18.
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:43 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 1:42 pm
Area:  Henderson


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:43PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: .Updated information for the Mississippi, Wapsipinicon, Pecatonica, and Rock Rivers. River forecasts include past precipitation and forecast rainfall for the next 48 hours. ...Flood Warning remains in effect until further notice... The Flood Warning continues for The Mississippi River at Keithsburg.
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:43 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 1:42 pm
Area:  Henderson; Mercer


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:43PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: .Updated information for the Mississippi, Wapsipinicon, Pecatonica, and Rock Rivers. River forecasts include past precipitation and forecast rainfall for the next 48 hours. ...Flood Warning remains in effect until further notice... The Flood Warning continues for The Rock River near Joslin.
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:43 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 1:42 pm
Area:  Henry; Rock Island; Whiteside


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:43PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: .Updated information for the Mississippi, Wapsipinicon, Pecatonica, and Rock Rivers. River forecasts include past precipitation and forecast rainfall for the next 48 hours. ...Flood Warning remains in effect until further notice... The Flood Warning continues for The Mississippi River at New Boston LD17.
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:43 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 1:42 pm
Area:  Mercer


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:43PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: .Updated information for the Mississippi, Wapsipinicon, Pecatonica, and Rock Rivers. River forecasts include past precipitation and forecast rainfall for the next 48 hours. ...Flood Warning remains in effect until further notice... The Flood Warning continues for The Mississippi River at Muscatine.
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:43 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 1:42 pm
Area:  Mercer; Rock Island


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:43PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: .Updated information for the Mississippi, Wapsipinicon, Pecatonica, and Rock Rivers. River forecasts include past precipitation and forecast rainfall for the next 48 hours. ...Flood Warning remains in effect until further notice... The Flood Warning continues for The Mississippi River at Rock Island LD15.
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:43 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 1:42 pm
Area:  Rock Island


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:43PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: .Updated information for the Mississippi, Wapsipinicon, Pecatonica, and Rock Rivers. River forecasts include past precipitation and forecast rainfall for the next 48 hours. ...Flood Warning remains in effect until further notice... The Flood Warning continues for The Mississippi River at Ill. City LD16.
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:43 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 1:42 pm
Area:  Rock Island


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:43PM CDT until October 15 at 7:00PM CDT by NWS

Summary: .Updated information for the Mississippi, Wapsipinicon, Pecatonica, and Rock Rivers. River forecasts include past precipitation and forecast rainfall for the next 48 hours. ...Flood Warning remains in effect until Tuesday morning... The Flood Warning continues for The Mississippi River at Dubuque LD11.
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:43 pm      Expires:  October 15, 2019, 7:00 pm
Area:  Jo Daviess


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:43PM CDT until October 18 at 7:00AM CDT by NWS

Summary: .Updated information for the Mississippi, Wapsipinicon, Pecatonica, and Rock Rivers. River forecasts include past precipitation and forecast rainfall for the next 48 hours. ...Flood Warning now in effect until Thursday... The Flood Warning continues for The Mississippi River at Dubuque.
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:43 pm      Expires:  October 18, 2019, 7:00 am
Area:  Jo Daviess


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:43PM CDT until October 18 at 1:00PM CDT by NWS

Summary: .Updated information for the Mississippi, Wapsipinicon, Pecatonica, and Rock Rivers. River forecasts include past precipitation and forecast rainfall for the next 48 hours. ...Flood Warning now in effect until Thursday evening... The Flood Warning continues for The Mississippi River at Fulton LD13.
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:43 pm      Expires:  October 18, 2019, 1:00 pm
Area:  Carroll; Whiteside


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:43PM CDT until October 19 at 1:00AM CDT by NWS

Summary: .Updated information for the Mississippi, Wapsipinicon, Pecatonica, and Rock Rivers. River forecasts include past precipitation and forecast rainfall for the next 48 hours. ...Flood Warning now in effect until Friday morning... The Flood Warning continues for The Mississippi River at Le Claire LD14.
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:43 pm      Expires:  October 19, 2019, 1:00 am
Area:  Rock Island


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:43PM CDT until October 19 at 1:00PM CDT by NWS

Summary: .Updated information for the Mississippi, Wapsipinicon, Pecatonica, and Rock Rivers. River forecasts include past precipitation and forecast rainfall for the next 48 hours. ...Flood Warning now in effect until Friday evening... The Flood Warning continues for The Mississippi River at Camanche.
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:43 pm      Expires:  October 19, 2019, 1:00 pm
Area:  Rock Island; Whiteside


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:43PM CDT until October 19 at 7:00PM CDT by NWS

Summary: .Updated information for the Mississippi, Wapsipinicon, Pecatonica, and Rock Rivers. River forecasts include past precipitation and forecast rainfall for the next 48 hours. ...Flood Warning now in effect until Saturday morning... The Flood Warning continues for The Pecatonica River at Freeport.
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:43 pm      Expires:  October 19, 2019, 7:00 pm
Area:  Stephenson


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:43PM CDT until October 21 at 1:00AM CDT by NWS

Summary: .Updated information for the Mississippi, Wapsipinicon, Pecatonica, and Rock Rivers. River forecasts include past precipitation and forecast rainfall for the next 48 hours. ...Flood Warning now in effect until Sunday morning... The Flood Warning continues for The Rock River at Moline.
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:43 pm      Expires:  October 21, 2019, 1:00 am
Area:  Henry; Rock Island


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:43PM CDT until October 21 at 7:00AM CDT by NWS

Summary: .Updated information for the Mississippi, Wapsipinicon, Pecatonica, and Rock Rivers. River forecasts include past precipitation and forecast rainfall for the next 48 hours. ...Flood Warning now in effect until Sunday... The Flood Warning continues for The Mississippi River at Keokuk LD19.
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:43 pm      Expires:  October 21, 2019, 7:00 am
Area:  Hancock


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:31PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: ...The flood warning continues for the Mississippi River at the following points... Mississippi River at Canton Mississippi River at LaGrange Mississippi River at Quincy Mississippi River at Lock & Dam 21
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:31 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 9:31 pm
Area:  Adams


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:31PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: ...The flood warning continues for the Mississippi River at the following points... Mississippi River at Canton Mississippi River at LaGrange Mississippi River at Quincy Mississippi River at Lock & Dam 21
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:31 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 9:31 pm
Area:  Adams


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:31PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: ...The flood warning continues for the Mississippi River at the following points... Mississippi River at Canton Mississippi River at LaGrange Mississippi River at Quincy Mississippi River at Lock & Dam 21
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:31 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 9:31 pm
Area:  Adams


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:31PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: ...The flood warning continues for the Mississippi River at the following points... Mississippi River at Canton Mississippi River at LaGrange Mississippi River at Quincy Mississippi River at Lock & Dam 21
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:31 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 9:31 pm
Area:  Calhoun


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:31PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: ...The flood warning continues for the Mississippi River at the following points... Mississippi River at Canton Mississippi River at LaGrange Mississippi River at Quincy Mississippi River at Lock & Dam 21
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:31 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 9:31 pm
Area:  Calhoun


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:31PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: ...The flood warning continues for the Mississippi River at the following points... Mississippi River at Canton Mississippi River at LaGrange Mississippi River at Quincy Mississippi River at Lock & Dam 21
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:31 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 9:31 pm
Area:  Jackson; Randolph


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:31PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: ...The flood warning continues for the Mississippi River at the following points... Mississippi River at Canton Mississippi River at LaGrange Mississippi River at Quincy Mississippi River at Lock & Dam 21
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:31 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 9:31 pm
Area:  Jersey


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:31PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: ...The flood warning continues for the Mississippi River at the following points... Mississippi River at Canton Mississippi River at LaGrange Mississippi River at Quincy Mississippi River at Lock & Dam 21
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:31 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 9:31 pm
Area:  Madison


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:31PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: ...The flood warning continues for the Mississippi River at the following points... Mississippi River at Canton Mississippi River at LaGrange Mississippi River at Quincy Mississippi River at Lock & Dam 21
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:31 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 9:31 pm
Area:  Pike


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:31PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: ...The flood warning continues for the Mississippi River at the following points... Mississippi River at Canton Mississippi River at LaGrange Mississippi River at Quincy Mississippi River at Lock & Dam 21
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:31 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 9:31 pm
Area:  Pike


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:31PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: ...The flood warning continues for the Mississippi River at the following points... Mississippi River at Canton Mississippi River at LaGrange Mississippi River at Quincy Mississippi River at Lock & Dam 21
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:31 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 9:31 pm
Area:  Pike


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:31PM CDT until October 18 at 1:00AM CDT by NWS

Summary: ...The flood warning continues for the Mississippi River at the following points... Mississippi River at Canton Mississippi River at LaGrange Mississippi River at Quincy Mississippi River at Lock & Dam 21
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 9:31 pm      Expires:  October 18, 2019, 1:00 am
Area:  St. Clair


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 9:31PM CDT until October 20 at 1:00AM CDT by NWS

Summary: ...The flood warning continues for the Mississippi River at the following points... Mississippi River at Canton Mississippi River at LaGrange Mississippi River at Quincy Mississippi River at Lock & Dam 21
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 18, 2019, 1:00 pm      Expires:  October 20, 2019, 1:00 am
Area:  Adams


Frost Advisory issued October 13 at 9:11PM CDT until October 14 at 8:00AM CDT by NWS

Summary: ...FROST ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 4 AM TO 8 AM CDT MONDAY... * WHAT...Temperatures in the low to mid 30s will result in frost formation. * WHERE...Portions of central, east central and west central Illinois.
Severity:  Minor    Effective:  October 14, 2019, 4:00 am      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 8:00 am
Area:  Cass; Champaign; Christian; Coles; De Witt; Douglas; Edgar; Fulton; Knox; Logan; Macon; Marshall; Mason; McLean; Menard; Morgan; Moultrie; Peoria; Piatt; Sangamon; Schuyler; Scott; Shelby; Stark; Tazewell; Vermilion; Woodford


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 8:55PM CDT until October 20 at 1:00AM CDT by NWS

Summary: ...The Flood Warning continues for the following river in Illinois... Illinois River near Havana affecting Cass...Fulton and Mason Counties Illinois River at Beardstown affecting Brown...Cass...Morgan and Schuyler Counties .The following forecasts are based on observed precipitation, soil
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 8:55 pm      Expires:  October 20, 2019, 1:00 am
Area:  Brown; Cass; Morgan; Schuyler


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 8:55PM CDT until October 20 at 7:00PM CDT by NWS

Summary: ...The Flood Warning continues for the following river in Illinois... Illinois River near Havana affecting Cass...Fulton and Mason Counties Illinois River at Beardstown affecting Brown...Cass...Morgan and Schuyler Counties .The following forecasts are based on observed precipitation, soil
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 8:55 pm      Expires:  October 20, 2019, 7:00 pm
Area:  Cass; Fulton; Mason


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 8:49PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: ...The flood warning continues for the following rivers in Illinois... Illinois River at Hardin River forecasts are based on observed precipitation and forecast precipitation for the next 48 hours. The Flood Warning continues for the Illinois River at Hardin
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 8:49 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 8:49 pm
Area:  Calhoun; Greene; Jersey


Frost Advisory issued October 13 at 8:48PM CDT until October 14 at 8:00AM CDT by NWS

Summary: ...FROST ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 8 AM CDT MONDAY... * TEMPERATURE...Low to mid 30s. * IMPACTS...Frost could kill sensitive outdoor vegetation if left uncovered. * ADDITIONAL DETAILS...Some areas could see temperatures briefly fall to around 32 degrees.
Severity:  Minor    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 11:00 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 8:00 am
Area:  Boone; De Kalb; Grundy; Kane; Kendall; La Salle; Lee; McHenry; Ogle; Winnebago


Frost Advisory issued October 13 at 8:48PM CDT until October 14 at 8:00AM CDT by NWS

Summary: ...FROST ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 1 AM TO 8 AM CDT MONDAY... * TEMPERATURE...Low to mid 30s, with the lowest temperatures away from Lake Michigan where mid to upper 30s are likely. * IMPACTS...Frost could kill sensitive outdoor vegetation if left uncovered.
Severity:  Minor    Effective:  October 14, 2019, 1:00 am      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 8:00 am
Area:  Cook; DuPage; Lake; Will


Frost Advisory issued October 13 at 8:48PM CDT until October 14 at 8:00AM CDT by NWS

Summary: ...FROST ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 4 AM CDT /5 AM EDT/ TO 8 AM CDT /9 AM EDT/ MONDAY... * TEMPERATURE...Mid 30s, with the lowest temperatures away from Lake Michigan. * IMPACTS...Frost could kill sensitive outdoor vegetation if left uncovered.
Severity:  Minor    Effective:  October 14, 2019, 4:00 am      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 8:00 am
Area:  Ford; Iroquois; Kankakee; Livingston


Flood Advisory issued October 13 at 8:42PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: ...The Flood Advisory continues for the Rock River... Rock River at Dixon affecting Lee County The following forecasts are based on observed precipitation as well as forecast precipitation 24-48 hours into the future. The Flood Advisory continues for The Rock River at Dixon, or from Castle Rock State Park near Oregon
Severity:  Minor    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 8:42 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 8:41 am
Area:  Lee


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 8:36PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: ...The Flood Warning continues for the following rivers in Illinois... Fox River at Algonquin Lock & Dam tailwater affecting Kane and McHenry Counties Fox River at Montgomery affecting Kane and Kendall Counties Des Plaines River near Russell affecting Lake County
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 8:36 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 10:36 am
Area:  Kane; Kendall


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 8:36PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: ...The Flood Warning continues for the following rivers in Illinois... Fox River at Algonquin Lock & Dam tailwater affecting Kane and McHenry Counties Fox River at Montgomery affecting Kane and Kendall Counties Des Plaines River near Russell affecting Lake County
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 8:36 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 10:36 am
Area:  Winnebago


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 8:36PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: ...The Flood Warning continues for the following rivers in Illinois... Fox River at Algonquin Lock & Dam tailwater affecting Kane and McHenry Counties Fox River at Montgomery affecting Kane and Kendall Counties Des Plaines River near Russell affecting Lake County
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 8:36 pm      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 10:36 am
Area:  Winnebago


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 8:36PM CDT until October 15 at 7:00AM CDT by NWS

Summary: ...The Flood Warning continues for the following rivers in Illinois... Fox River at Algonquin Lock & Dam tailwater affecting Kane and McHenry Counties Fox River at Montgomery affecting Kane and Kendall Counties Des Plaines River near Russell affecting Lake County
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 8:36 pm      Expires:  October 15, 2019, 7:00 am
Area:  Lake


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 8:36PM CDT until October 18 at 1:00PM CDT by NWS

Summary: ...The Flood Warning continues for the following rivers in Illinois... Fox River at Algonquin Lock & Dam tailwater affecting Kane and McHenry Counties Fox River at Montgomery affecting Kane and Kendall Counties Des Plaines River near Russell affecting Lake County
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 8:36 pm      Expires:  October 18, 2019, 1:00 pm
Area:  Winnebago


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 8:36PM CDT until October 20 at 1:00PM CDT by NWS

Summary: ...The Flood Warning continues for the following rivers in Illinois... Fox River at Algonquin Lock & Dam tailwater affecting Kane and McHenry Counties Fox River at Montgomery affecting Kane and Kendall Counties Des Plaines River near Russell affecting Lake County
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 8:36 pm      Expires:  October 20, 2019, 1:00 pm
Area:  Kane; McHenry


Frost Advisory issued October 13 at 8:25PM CDT until October 14 at 9:00AM CDT by NWS

Summary: ...FROST ADVISORY NOW IN EFFECT FROM 1 AM TO 9 AM CDT MONDAY... * WHAT...Temperatures of 30 to 35 will result in frost formation. * WHERE...Portions of northeast Missouri, east central and southeast Iowa and north central, northwest and west central Illinois. * WHEN...From 1 AM to 9 AM CDT Monday.
Severity:  Minor    Effective:  October 14, 2019, 1:00 am      Expires:  October 14, 2019, 9:00 am
Area:  Bureau; Carroll; Hancock; Henderson; Henry; Jo Daviess; McDonough; Mercer; Putnam; Rock Island; Stephenson; Warren; Whiteside


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 8:03PM CDT until further notice by NWS

Summary: ...The flood warning continues for the following rivers in Illinois...Missouri... Mississippi River at Cape Girardeau Mississippi River at Thebes .Heavy rainfall that occurred in upper portions of the Mississippi River basin has caused rising river levels. However, the river
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 8:03 pm      Expires:  October 15, 2019, 12:03 am
Area:  Alexander; Jackson; Union


Flood Warning issued October 13 at 8:03PM CDT until October 21 at 1:00AM CDT by NWS

Summary: ...The flood warning continues for the following rivers in Illinois...Missouri... Mississippi River at Cape Girardeau Mississippi River at Thebes .Heavy rainfall that occurred in upper portions of the Mississippi River basin has caused rising river levels. However, the river
Severity:  Moderate    Effective:  October 13, 2019, 8:03 pm      Expires:  October 21, 2019, 1:00 am
Area:  Alexander